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  • For a small manufacturer of furniture the inventory will consist of raw material (wood, cloth, screws, glue etc.), semi-finished items (table tops, cupboard doors etc.) and a proportion of finished items that have not yet been dispatched.
    As a going concern the accounts reflect the historic costs of these materials, including labor expended, and not their market value. In the event of liquidation, however, the price that the bank would obtain from a sale of these assets is likely to be well below that of their actual cost and book value.
    When the inventory is technology based and there is a sudden build-up of inventory the value of the inventory is likely to fall rapidly as a result of obsolescence. Most manufacturers of Internet infrastructure equipment failed to forecast the sharp fall in demand that took place when the technology boom of the 1990s came to its abrupt halt. These companies were forced to write down the value of the subsequent inventory build-up and one major US company alone wrote off more than $3bn in one quarter.

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  • Accounts receivables represent the money due from customers for products or services delivered that have been invoiced but where payment has not yet been received. The composition of accounts receivables is the key factor in terms of its value as collateral. Accounts receivables at a utility company with hundreds of thousands of customers would be regarded as high quality. Historic default rates can be used to establish the likely level of future losses to a high level of confidence. Banks would also probably accept accounts receivables at companies that had only a handful of investment grade customers.
    Banks are generally reluctant to accept accounts receivables as collateral from many companies, however.

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  • In addition to margin loans there are two occasions when a borrower may both draw down a loan and make an agreed deposit with the bank. Tax can provide an incentive where the interest expense on the loan is in a tax regime that allows it as a taxable expense while the interest income from the deposit is earned in a tax haven where it is not taxed.
    A company that has highly seasonal cashflows may find itself in a situation where for parts of the year it is cash rich but for other parts of the year it needs external funding. One solution to this financing problem would be for the bank to agree a facility under which the borrower has the right, but not the obligation, to draw down against it up to a specified limit without notice. Another solution is for the bank to make an equivalent loan for the whole cycle but require the customer to deposit its periodical surplus cash with the bank. The bank may be able to offer better pricing for the second solution.

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