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  • Credit derivatives are a relatively recent development and are only available in the more developed financial markets and then only for specific companies. They provide insurance policies that banks can buy to shield themselves from some losses arising from loan default. They are contracts between two parties where the seller of the credit derivative agrees to pay the buyer of the contract a pre-agreed amount when a specific condition or set of conditions is met. The sellers of these policies are usually insurance companies or SPVs (special purpose vehicles) set up by insurance companies.

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  • In addition to margin loans there are two occasions when a borrower may both draw down a loan and make an agreed deposit with the bank. Tax can provide an incentive where the interest expense on the loan is in a tax regime that allows it as a taxable expense while the interest income from the deposit is earned in a tax haven where it is not taxed.
    A company that has highly seasonal cashflows may find itself in a situation where for parts of the year it is cash rich but for other parts of the year it needs external funding. One solution to this financing problem would be for the bank to agree a facility under which the borrower has the right, but not the obligation, to draw down against it up to a specified limit without notice. Another solution is for the bank to make an equivalent loan for the whole cycle but require the customer to deposit its periodical surplus cash with the bank. The bank may be able to offer better pricing for the second solution.

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